It has been suggested that fishes make sounds as a way of learning about the environment around them from the echoes that reflect from the bottom or objects in the sea ( see also HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Sound Source Localization and Directional Hearing in Fishes). Choruses have the greatest propagation distances ( Table 4). Chorusing locations and sound levels vary seasonally and can also be influenced by depth, light, salinity, turbidity, lunar phase, tidal stage, strong wind or storm and temperature which directly constrain acoustic mechanism function. Fewer species have diurnal calling peaks. Diel peak patterns are most often crepuscular or nocturnal. Chorusing activity typically begins close to or after sunset. A burbot, drum, cod, toadfishes and groupers produce sounds in the breeding season in aggregations with evidence of lekking behavior in cod. adspersa) has been experimentally shown to produce calls that influence group cohesion. Large schools of marine catfishes forage near the bottom in poor visibility coastal waters and produce nocturnal short pulse burst “percolator” as well as other distinctive sounds that could function as contact calls.
True chorusing is well documented for higher amplitude or “loud” signalers. In the stone moroko ( Pseudorasbora parva), that associates in feeding aggregations, individuals intercept and are attracted to feeding sound cues of conspecifics. The plankton feeding “popping” sounds detected in the area of mesopelagic aggregations of hypothesized lanternfishes are distinctive incidental sounds.
Herring contribute significantly to the marine soundscape producing pulsed sounds in a diel pattern but non-acoustic functions are also proposed. Salmon and anchovy “biosignals” detected from migratory aggregations and the feeding associated clicks of pipefish and seahorses are undetermined in nature. Several schooling fish families are silent, lack evidence for well established volitional sounds in monitoring studies (butterfishes, mullets, new and old world silversides, tuna, cardinalfishes). Lobel, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2017 Chorusing and Shoaling Behavior: Silent, Incidental and Volitional Sound Production
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